ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
EFFECT OF ROW DIRECTION AND PLANT ARRANGEMENT ON GROWTH, YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS OF TWO MAIZE CULTIVATERS
Two field experiments were carried out at Sheiba village, Zagazig District, Sharkia Governorate during 2005 and 2006 summer growing seasons to study the effect of row direction (two row direction i.e. East-West (E-W) and North-South (N-S)) and plant arrangement i.e. ( 50 x 35, 60 x 29.1 and 70 x 25 cm) on growth, yield and yield attributes of two maize hybrids (SC 10 and SC 30 k8) single crosses. Split-split plot design with four replicates was used.
Results indicated that row direction North-south (N-S) produced the highest light interception % (LIP%) at different height compared with row direction East-west.
The obtained results indicated that row direction at East-west (E-W) was superior than the other row direction at North-south (N-S) on plant height, ear leaf area, LAI, ear height, ear length, ear diameter, grain number/row and/ear, 100-grain weight, ear grain weight and grain yield/faddan.
Results also showed that the plant arrangement of ((70 x 25 produced the highest (LIP at 150 cm height and grain yield/faddan followed by 60 x 29 and 50 x 35 the lowest grain yield/faddan on the other plant arrangement in the most characters under this study.
The obtained results revealed that the tested maize hybrids varied significantly in plant height, ear leaf area, ear height, ear length, ear diameter, number of grains/row and /ear, 100 grain weight, ear grain weight and finally grain yield/faddan. The single cross 10 (SC10) surpassed than the other one (SC 30 K8).
https://jpd.journals.ekb.eg/article_44819_d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e.pdf
2008-01-01
1
17
10.21608/jpd.2008.44819
Row direction
plant arrangement
Growth
yield components
Maize
Magdy
Abd El-Maksoud
1
Plant Production Department, Efficient Productivity Institute, Zagazig Univ., Egypt.
LEAD_AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
EFFECT OF NPK FERTLIZATION, TRACE ELEMENTS AND GIBBERELLIC ACID ON VEGETATIVE GROWTH AND CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT OF Hedera helix, L. PLANTS.
The objective of this investigation was to study the effect of NPK fertilization (1000 or 2000 ppm at the formula of 2:1:1 with or without trace element) in addition to gibberellic acid (GA3) on vegetative growth and chlorophyll content of English Ivy plants. The results indicated that NPK fertilization at the rate of 1000 ppm with trace elements (Fe, Zn, and Mn 50 ppm)/ 2 weeks gave the best results. This treatment significantly increased the average plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves/ plant, fresh weight of foliage (stems and leaves), and leaf chlorophyll content. Also, NPK fertilization at the rate of 1000 ppm without trace elements/ 2 weeks increased the vegetative growth followed by NPK fertilization at the rate of 2000 ppm with trace elements/ 4 weeks, whereas, NPK at the rate of 2000 ppm without trace elements/ 4 weeks improved the vegetative growth as compared with the untreated plants.
Spraying the plants with GA3 at the rate of 125 ppm / one month or 250 ppm/ 2 months encouraged the vegetative growth as compared to the untreated plants; GA3 at the rate of 125 ppm/ one month was the most effective treatment.
The interaction between NPK fertilization with or without trace elements and GA3 showed that (NPK at 1000 ppm and trace elements at 50 ppm/ 2 weeks) treatment × GA3 at the rate of 125 ppm/ one month could be recommended for English Ivy plants.
https://jpd.journals.ekb.eg/article_44820_d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e.pdf
2008-01-01
19
27
10.21608/jpd.2008.44820
Hedera helix
gibberellic acid
Chlorophyll
NPK fertilizers
Hamdy
El-Bagoury
1
Ornamental Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Aml
Nasr
2
Ornamental Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt.
AUTHOR
Ahmed
El-Tantawy
3
Ornamental Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt.
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
EVALUATION OF THE TOXICITY OF Elettaria cardamomum AND Piper nigrum EXTRACTS AGAINST larvae of Culex pipiens L.
Toxicity of chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and methylene chloride extracts of Elettaria cardamomum and Piper nigrum were evaluated against the fourth instars larvae of Culex pipiens L. Methylene chloride of E. cardamomum showed strong toxicity compared with other extracts whereas the LC50 and LC95 were 144.2 and 361.2 ppm after 24 hr of exposure by dipping method. Ethyl acetate extract of E. cardamomum had the lowest toxicity (LC50 = 573.5 ppm). In case of P. nigrum, chloroform and methanol extracts showed the highest larvicidal activity (LC50 = 12.8 and 14.4 ppm. Methylene chloride extract had the lowest toxicity (LC50 =132.6).
Malathion as a standard insecticide was potent compared with the four solvent extracts of both plants (LC50= 0.27 and 1.8). Toxicity of malathion reached about 2124 fold compared with the least toxic extract (ethyl acetate), while reached about 534 fold compared with the highest toxic extract (methylene chloride) of Elettaria cardamomum In case of P. nigrum extracts, malathion was about 491 fold compared the least toxic extract (methylene chloride), while it was about 47.1 fold compared with the highest toxic one (chloroform) at the LC50 level.
https://jpd.journals.ekb.eg/article_44821_d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e.pdf
2008-01-01
29
38
10.21608/jpd.2008.44821
toxicity
Elettaria cardamomum
Piper nigrum
Culex pipiens L
Ahmed
Al Jabr
aljabr@kfu.edu.sa
1
Arid Land Agriculture Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 420, Hofuf, 31982, Saudi Arabia
LEAD_AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE COWPEA BEETLE, Callosobrochus chinensis (L.) RESISTANCE TO MALATHION AND PYRIPROXYFEN
Development of resistance to malathion and pyriproxyfen in population of cowpea beetle, Callosobrochus chinensis (L.) was evaluated under laboratory condition during twenty successive generations. Data cleared that the resistance ratio with malathion selection was fewer than pyriproxyfen, the resistance ratios were 11.54 and -131.25 fold, respectively after twenty successive generations. The resistance ratio was increased slowly in malathion population and became resistant after twenty selected generations, while with pyriproxyfen, the population became resistant after only ten generations. Development of resistance in pyriproxyfen populations was faster than malathion population. These results show that malathion is more active than pyriproxyfen in cowpea beetle control.
https://jpd.journals.ekb.eg/article_44822_d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e.pdf
2008-01-01
39
49
10.21608/jpd.2008.44822
Development of resistance
C. chinensis
malathion
Pyriproxyfen
generations
Aly
Shams El-Dine
1
Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Egypt.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Waheed
Desuky
2
Plant Protection Research Institute, A.R. C., Dokki, Giza, Egypt
AUTHOR
Reda
Omar
3
Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Egypt.
AUTHOR
Asmaa
Muhamed
4
Plant Protection Research Institute, A.R. C., Dokki, Giza, Egypt
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
BIOACTIVE TOXICITY OF SOME PLANTS EXTRACT AGAINST LARVAE OF Culex pipiens L.
Plant extracts of Piper nigrum, Elletaria cardamomum, Concarpus exectus, Ziziphus nummularia, Zingiber officinales, Cinnamonum camphora, Capsicum annuum, Pimpinella anisum, Rhazya stricta and Boswellia carterii were tested in the laboratory for their larvicidal activity against 3rd instar larvae of mosquito (Culex pipiens L.). Bioassays were carried out according to the recommendations of the World Health Organization. Extracts were tested at doses ranging from 200 to 1000 ppm. for 2, and 48 hours. Results indicated that most of the extracts were effective against C. pipiens larvae at higher concentration (1000 ppm.). Larval mortality increased with time of exposure. Extract of P. nigrum was exceptional in achieving 100% mortality even at lower concentration and exposure time (24 hrs.). Most of the plant extracts achieved 100% mortality at higher concentration and 24 hrs. exposure time. There was no difference in the mortality rate between 24 hrs. and 48 hrs. exposure time. Plant extracts of P. nigrum, C. exectus, E. cardamomum and C. camphora hold promise as potential bio control materials against C. pipiens larvae.
https://jpd.journals.ekb.eg/article_44823_d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e.pdf
2008-01-01
51
57
10.21608/jpd.2008.44823
Mosquito
Plant extracts
Culex pipiens
exposure time
mortality
Ahmed
Al Jabr
aljabr@kfu.edu.sa
1
Arid Land Agriculture Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 420, Hofuf, 31982, Saudi Arabia
LEAD_AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
GROWTH OF Plumbago capensis, Thunb. IN SANDY SOIL AS AFFECTED BY SOIL AMENDMENTS AND FERTILIZATION
This study was conducted at the Experimental Nursery of the Ornamental Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, during the two successive seasons of 2006 and 2007. The aim of this work was to investigate the response of Plumbago capensis plants, grown in sandy soil, to some soil amendments and chemical fertilization treatments. Clay, composted sewage sludge and taffla were incorporated into the sandy soil at a ratio of 4:1 (sand : soil amendment, v/v). After planting, the plants were fertilized with the commercial slow-release chemical fertilizer "Haiflow" (16 N - 8 P2O5 -16 K2O) at the rates of 21 or 45 g fertilizer/plant/3 months, or with a conventional chemical NPK fertilizer (8 N - 4 P2O5 - 8 K2O) at the rates of 14 or 30 g fertilizer/plant/month. In addition to the soil amendment and chemical fertilization treatments, plants receiving no soil amendment or chemical fertilization treatments were used as the control.
Results showed that clay and composted sewage sludge (as soil amendments) or chemical fertilization treatments increased the values recorded for the different vegetative and flowering parameters, as well as the contents of total chlorophylls, carotenoids, total carbohydrates, N, P and K, compared to the untreated plants. Clay was the most effective soil amendment in promoting vegetative and flowering characteristics (giving the highest mean values for plant height, stem diameter, number of branches/plant, leaf area, root length, fresh and dry weights of leaves, stems and roots/plant, number of inflorescence/plant, fresh and dry weights of inflorescences/plant and inflorescence diameter), as well as the contents of total chlorophylls and carotenoids, total carbohydrates, N, P and K. Raising the fertilization rate of each chemical fertilizer resulted in steady increases in values of all the studied parameters. The conventional NPK fertilizer gave generally higher values for most of the vegetative and flowering characteristics, as well as chemical components, compared to the slow-release fertilizer "Haiflow".
Combining clay with the highest rate of the conventional NPK fertilizer (30 g/plant/month) resulted in the highest values for vegetative and flowering parameters, as well as the contents of total chlorophylls, carotenoids, total carbohydrates, N, P and K.
From the obtained results, it can be recommended that, for the best vegetative and flowering characteristics of Plumbago capensis plants grown in sandy soil, the soil should be amended with clay and the plants should be supplied with 30 g/plant/month of the conventional chemical fertilizer (8% N - 4% P2O5 - 8% K2O).
https://jpd.journals.ekb.eg/article_44824_d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e.pdf
2008-01-01
59
77
10.21608/jpd.2008.44824
Plumbago capensis
fertilization
Soil amendments
taffla
sludge
clay
Mohamed
Hussein
1
Ornamental Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Hazem
Mansour
2
Ornamental Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt.
AUTHOR
Hossam
Ashour
3
Ornamental Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt.
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
RESPONSE OF LAVENDER PLANT (Lavandula multifida L.) TO COMPOST AND ACTIVE DRY YEAST.
This study was carried out at the Experimental Nursery of Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Horticultural Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, during the two successive seasons of 2003 and 2004. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of organic fertilizer (compost) at the rate of 25, 50 and 75 g/pot, and bio-fertilization (active dry yeast, ADY) at 5g/ L on the growth, oil yield and chemical composition of lavender (Lavandula multifida L.) plants. Two cuts were taken during two seasons. Data on vegetative growth, flowering, essential oil production and plant constituents were recorded. The results revealed an increases in plant height, No. of branches/plant, No. of leaves/plant, No. of main spikes/ plant, total fresh and dry weights/ plant, volatile oil percentage in both leaves and spikes, leaves and spikes oil yield/ plant, total volatile oil yield/ plant. Furthermore, results of GLC analysis of the essential oil components revealed an increment in 1, 8 cineole, linalool, linalyl acetate and borneol. Also, there were increments in photosynthetic pigments contents, carbohydrates content and mineral contents due to the treatments of compost either alone or in combination with active dry yeast. This could result in environmentally safe plants to minimize the hazards of pollution caused by using mineral fertilizers.
https://jpd.journals.ekb.eg/article_44825_d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e.pdf
2008-01-01
79
99
10.21608/jpd.2008.44825
Lavandula multifida
compost
dry yeast
growth parameters
essential oil percentage
essential oil components
El Mowafy
El-Ghadban
1
Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Karim
El-Tobgy
2
Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt.
AUTHOR
Saeid
Soliman
3
Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Department, Horticulture Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt.
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
FIELD EVALUATION OF SOME COMPOUNDS AGENT FOR CONTROLLING OLIVE FRUIT FLY DACUS OLEAE (GMELIN) (Diptera; Tephritidae) IN ALARISH, NORTH SENAI, EGYPT
In the present study two experimental trials were carried out to evaluate the efficacy of the food attractant (Buminal 800 ml / 20 L) mixture with Match EC 5% (IGR; 160 ml / 20 L) for controlling the olive fruit fly, Dacus oleae (Gmelin) on olive orchard at Alarish district, North Senai, Egypt during period from June to July 2006 and2007 by food attractant traps and partial spray for trees trunk. In 1st experimental trial, results showed that the mean of reductions percentages by using Handerson and Telton (1955) formula for both periods 2006 and 2007 were 39.02 % & 50.00% & 55.81 % & 75.0 % & 80.77 % and 41.03% & 53.33% & & 70.20% & 78.70% & 82.35%, respectively, % mean of reductions during the same periods 2006 and 2007 were 60.2 % and 65.1 %, respectively. Regarding the second experiment, data showed that the total number of % reduction for both year 2006 and 2007 were 29.27 % & 45.65 % & 55.81 % & 70.83 % & 78.0 % and 33.33 % & 48.81 % & 63.83 % & 74.47% & 76.47%, respectively. The mean percentage of reduction for all these samples were 56.06 % in 2006 and 59.4 % in 2007. The statically analysis (L.S.D0.05) showed that a positive highly significant correlation for traps attracting which values was 8.427** and 7.956** for both years 2006 and 2007, respectively.
https://jpd.journals.ekb.eg/article_44828_d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e.pdf
2008-01-01
101
107
10.21608/jpd.2008.44828
Field evaluation
compounds agent
olive fruit fly dacus oleae
alarish
Abd El Meniem
Hassan
1
Plant Protection Research Institute, Dokki, Egypt.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Hasan
Nabil
2
Plant Protection Research Institute, Dokki, Egypt.
AUTHOR
Aaeil
Zaki
3
Plant Protection Research Institute, Dokki, Egypt.
AUTHOR
Waheed
Desuky
4
Plant Protection Research Institute, Dokki, Egypt.
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
EFFECTS OF DIET ON HYDROGEN CONCENTRATION ION'S OF VAGINAL MILIEU STUDY IN THERAPEUTIC NUTRITION
Diet plays an important role for equilibrium the values between acidic and basic levels in the human body which expressed as ion's hydrogen concentration. In this study fifty volunteer mature females initially participated. The female's age ranged from 18 to 36 year old. 23 females from 50 were virgins; while other 27 females were married. The pH of the vagina was assessed by the women themselves "invasively" by introduction of a special indicator paper (pH-strips). Conditions of examination: pH-strips were applied at morning before pissing for pH vaginal milieu assay. In day fourteen and for three succeeding days after of menstrual pH, diet, hormone and vagina (ecosystem) were assayed. Methods A. chemical examinations: pH vaginal milieu assay. acidifying food reaction, alkalizing food reaction. Sex hormone gonadotrophin (hCG) in urine chromatography assay and KOH test for fishy odor; B. Physical examinations: Vaginal canal temperature (VCT) Cº as indication of both vaginal infection and oxygen expenditure and specific gravity (SG) for urine; C. Hematological tests: Serum enzyme Tests as alanine aminotransferase (AST) aspartate aminotransferase (ALT) and bilirubin enzyme. D .Statistical analysis: as mean ±SD was carried out. This study results confirmed by previous investigations illustrated that diet could be affecting on pH value for vaginal milieu and could correct the vaginal discharge pH. Moreover diet could correct systemic diseases as vaginal infection.
https://jpd.journals.ekb.eg/article_44831_d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e.pdf
2008-01-01
109
128
10.21608/jpd.2008.44831
Hydrogen concentration ion's
vaginal milieu
therapeutic nutrition
Tarek
Abd El-Rahman
1
Tarek Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Home Economics, Minufiya University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt.
LEAD_AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
PALM DATE KERNELS AS UNCONVENTIONAL FUNCTIONAL FOOD INGREDIENT OF NATURAL PHYTOESTROGEN IMPROVING HEALTH OF MENOPAUSES FEMALE RATS
This study was conducted to fined out probable benefit of palm date kernels phoenix dactylifera representing natural estrogen since for menopausal rats( 205± 2g each) .Kernel, of two varieties of ripe palm date were used, which were Amhat and Zaghlool .
Chemical analysis revealed that kernels were rich in fibers (69-70%).Powdered kernels added at 5 and 10% levels to diet . levels of Hb RBC's, WBC's ,NEU, MONO, EOS,BASO(white blood cells), was determined in blood ,while in serum analyses included; liver and kidneys functions indices is GPT,GOT,ALK.P, ALP, T.B, creatinine ; Cholesterol and glucose were also assessed. Estrogen level was determined and femur (right & left) density measured. The results indicated the value of palm date kernels for health of menopause female rats.
https://jpd.journals.ekb.eg/article_44834_d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e.pdf
2008-01-01
129
143
10.21608/jpd.2008.44834
Palm date kernels
unconventional functional food
natural phytoestrogen
health menopauses
female rats
Mohamed
Ali
1
Faculty of Home Economics, Minufiya University, Egypt.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Tarek
Abd El-Rahman
2
Faculty of Home Economics, Minufiya University, Egypt.
AUTHOR
Asmaa
Moath
3
Faculty of Home Economics, Minufiya University, Egypt.
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
GROWTH ENHANCEMENT OF SCHIZOSACCHAROMYCES CERVEVISIAE WITH HEARBS EXTRACTS TO PREPARE A POTENT KAMBUCHA (TEA) FORMULA THAT CORRECTED LIVER PATIENT DISEASES OF MALE & FEMALE HUMANS STUDY IN THERAPEUTIC NUTRITION.
To enhance the growth of Schizosaccharomyces cervevisiae the principal microorganism Kambucha a total number of 14 herbs were used with the black tea .Herbs with vary thick growths (3herb) were excluded and the remained herbs (Ammi visnage, Cassia Occidentalis,, Cichorium Inty bus, Erythraea Centaurium, Hibiscus sabdoriffa sabdariffa, Hordeum vulgare, Matricaria chamomilla, Rheum Rhoponticum , salvia officinalis , thymus vulgaris, Rosmarinus officinalis ) were used to purpose 6 groups of herb blends .such blends on (with a control with only tea )were is used, and only 3 of them were selected based on the most proper growth of Kambucha pellicle. The liquid (tea) of these three groups were mixed at the ratio (1:1:1 v/v/v) and the final liquid (called also Kambucha tea) was given to liver patients (1cup) with a cup of warm water and one tablespoon of bee honey for 3 months & on this steps (1,2&3 times a day in the 1st,2nd and 3rd month respectively) Liver out patients of present study (males & Females) were 10-63 years old and the trial was with participation of a doctor (consultant of liver and immunity).Food habits revealed good practices such as like fresh vegetables & fruits and preferring boiling for cooking; or and other not correct as 31.9% of females and 9.0% of females drink only 500 ml of liquid per day .Out patients had also other disease ( besides liver disease) such as hypertension, diabetes ,gout ,gravel, anemia osteoporosis , renal failure , and others. They suffer of different kinds of liver disease (fatty liver fibrosis, liver cancer, HAV, HBV, MCV, HBV+HCV and hypertrophy +spleenomegaly);also parasitic infection, nasal hemorrhage ,ascites ,trema and dizziness were found .Suggested treatment of present work corrected the level of GPT,GOT,ALB ,BIL ,ALK.P & T. prot. to nearly the normal level ,indicating the value of this remedy.
https://jpd.journals.ekb.eg/article_44835_d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e.pdf
2008-01-01
145
162
10.21608/jpd.2008.44835
Liver patients
Kambucha tea
herbs extracts
serum analysis
Abd El- Rahman
Attia
1
Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences , Faculty of Home Economics, Helwan University, Egypt
LEAD_AUTHOR
Khaled
Shaheen
2
Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences Faculty of Home Economics, Minufiya University, Egypt
AUTHOR
Tarek
Abd El-Rahman
3
Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences Faculty of Home Economics, Minufiya University, Egypt
AUTHOR
Ayat
El-Hossany
4
Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences Faculty of Home Economics, Minufiya University, Egypt
AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
EVALUATING EMPLOYMENT POLICY PROGRAMS TO ALLEVIATE THE UNEMPLOYMENT: CASE STUDY OF EGYPT (In Arabic)
The definition of unemployment includes that a person without work although he is willing, able, and looking for work. It is measured by the number of unemployed to the labor force. The underemployment means that the person is working less than the level of work he/she wish, or the form in which it is not commensurate with his skills, and therefore with reduced labor productivity.
Despite the efforts of the government of Egypt to tackle the problem of unemployment, the studies described as partial or temporary palliatives. Thus the unemployment problem requires the formulation of employment policy to build a sustained system to alleviate the problem of unemployment. The main problem is summarized by the following research question: What is the effectiveness of the policy of the labor market to alleviate the problem of unemployment through the generation of jobs over the last decade?. The research objective summarized in evaluating the policy of the labor market during the period (1996-2006) to identify their contribution to the generation of new employment opportunities to alleviate the unemployment problem in Egypt.
There are two approaches to evaluate the employment policy: first, the microeconomic effects approach, which compares two groups, one policy beneficiaries, and another comparison group. Second, the macroeconomics effects which interested in studying the impact of macroeconomic policy on indicators such as the unemployment rate using the econometric analysis. The second approach is appropriate for the current research.
The most important findings of the research include:
The overall unemployment rate and by gender during the period (1997-2006) are increased , while the unemployment rate for the educators fell because of the shift of their attitudes positively to towards self-employment and the private sector, especially informal sector.
The regional distribution of unemployment in Egypt according to the population census of 2006shows that the unemployment rate amounted to 53% in the urban areas in Egypt, and 47% in rural areas due to the ability of the agricultural sector to absorb family farm unemployment. The unemployment rate is about 43% of the Lower Egypt, 33% in Upper Egypt, 22% in Urban governorates, and 2% in the Border governorates. That means that about 76% of total unemployment is concentrated in the Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt. Most of the urban unemployment is concentrated in the Urban governorates by about 22%, and Lower Egypt, 15%, Upper Egypt 14%. The rural unemployment concentrated in Lower Egypt, which dominated the approximately 29% of the total unemployment, while represented about 17% in Upper Egypt.
The underemployment in the countryside is about 61% and mounted to 39% in the urban areas, which means its spread in the rural areas is more than the urban areas due to increase of the temporary, and seasonal work, and because of the nature of agricultural and rural activities. The underemployment leads to a vicious circle of low labor productivity, thus low competitiveness, and the low level of reinvestment to generate additional job opportunities. This problem is more acute in the Border governorates. Adding the underemployment to the unemployment estimate the total unemployment, which amounted to 34% in the urban areas of Egypt and about 39% in the countryside, while about accounted for 37% of Egypt. The ratio of non-permanent employment amounted to 26% in the urban areas in Egypt, about 33% in the rural areas in Egypt, and about 30% of the non-permanent employment in Egypt. The intermittent work towards represents 18% of the non-permanent employment in Egypt.
An analysis of the unemployment problem in Egypt explores the following reasons: First-low demand for work for two reasons:
A. the weak growth rates of the national economy to generate enough jobs, commensurate with the growth rate of labor supply, due to the weak export performance, low level of investment because of ineffective economic policies. During the period (1990-2006) the findings indicate declining the impact of investments accompanied with negative impact of the exchange rate of the pound against the US dollar through its negative impact on the performance of the export sector. Although the private sector demanded nearly 72% through newspaper advertisements, including 60% of them are university qualifications, it was unable to sufficiently absorb the unemployment. During the period (2006-2007), the investment climate in Egypt is improved compared to economics of 178 countries all over the world, where Egypt occupied the rank 126 in 2007 compared with the order 165 in 2006.
B. It also attributed the low labor demand to the lower level of the export of labor to foreign markets due to the Egyptian ineffective immigration policies, and not coordinated with the countries receiving the Egyptian employment. The migration rate declined by -29% during the period (2002-2006). The findings showed that about 10% of foreign demand for employment by advertising in the Egyptian newspapers mostly for occupations demanding the university qualifications.
Second- increasing the supply of labor due to an increase in the growth rate of labor force because of the high rate of population growth. In addition to, inadequate quality, and characteristics of work for graduates from institutions of education and training in relative to the requirements of the labor market, which was privatized by the privatization of public sector companies, and reduce the level of government employment. In 2004 the educated unemployment rate was 98% of the total unemployment. Adds numbers enrolled in the private universities increased the unemployed holders of the qualifications in the labor market. The findings showed imbalance demand and supply for skills in Egypt.
Third- The imbalance and the weak performance of the labor market in Egypt due to inadequate institutions governing the labor market and the trend towards downsizing government employment, and in the public sector. But because the government seeks to employ the unemployed qualified in government jobs, which led to a decline in the educated unemployment rate.
The most important consequences of the unemployment problem are wasting human resources caused the loss of community, and individuals alike, and that damage of social stability, and endangering society groups depended on wage as the single source of income and lowering their standard of living.
The study findings of the policy programs to alleviate the problem of unemployment in Egypt are as follows:
First- Regarding to create new job opportunities during the fifth five-year plan period, the rate of unemployment increased by 2% due to slowing the rate of real economic growth, which amounted to 5.5%. Reducing unemployment to a natural rate of 5% require an increase of the rate of real economic growth to 7% annually, which requires a lot of investment, and to stimulate the private sector's contribution.
Second- The policy programs during the period (July 2004-January 2006) of the current Egyptian government provided about 88% of the annual target rate, which is 750 thousand jobs.
Third- The study of the employment program performance to alleviate unemployment during the period (2001-2007) indicated that the rate of change in the labor force exceeds the rate of change in the number of workers by 1%, which remains the problem of Egyptian unemployment at the current level. The unemployment rate fell by 11% and the rate of the educators’ unemployment decreased by -16%, due to the recruitment of government mainly.
The proposed strategy elements for the employment policy to alleviate the problem of unemployment in Egypt summarized as follows:
First- Increasing the demand for labor increased the real growth rate to 7% and more especially in the labor-intensive sectors of the economy through improved productivity, increased investment, and promoting the export performance through reform of integrated economic and social policies, legislation, to improve the investment climate. It also must work to increase the export of labor conventions through active participation of the countries employing the Egyptian employees. In addition to, enhance the Egyptian labor migration policy of the Egyptian workers abroad.
Second - Reconciliation of disequilibrium between the quantity and quality of the labor demand and supply through reducing population growth rate via appropriate population policy. It is also necessary to develop the education, training and human development policies required to meet demand side specifications in the Egyptian labor market through the provision of adequate funding and improve the structure of incentives in these sectors. The establishment of the Monitor for the Education, training and Employment is important policy tool to secure the required studies to achieve the reconciliation process.
Third – Balancing and controlling the performance of the labor market by preparing a database for the demand and supply on employment suitable to build a sustainable employment system, while continuing to recruit the government sector employees, and planning the transfer of the informal sector to formal sector with emphasis on the creation of legitimate employment channels under the control of the Egyptian Ministry of Manpower and Migration.
https://jpd.journals.ekb.eg/article_44836_d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e.pdf
2008-01-01
163
190
10.21608/jpd.2008.44836
Evaluating employment
Policy programs
alleviate unemployment
case study
Egypt
Ahmed
Bahloul
aqbahloul@zu.edu.eg
1
Depart. Agricultural Economics, Productive Efficiency Institute of Zagazig University, 44519, Zagazig University, Egypt
LEAD_AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
FACTORS AFFECTING PROPAGATION OF STRAWBERRY (Fragaria spp.) THROUGH TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES.
An efficient method for shoot regeneration, root formation from runner tips and acclimatization of strawberry plantlets was developed. Runner tips of 1-2 cm long were used as source of explnts. After surface sterilization apical meristems of 3-5mm long were isolated and used as explnts. At multiplication stage, results indicated that the highest vegetative parameters (shoot number, shoot length and leaf number) were observed when MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/l BA followed by the medium contained 1 mg/l BA and 0.1 mg/l IBA. However control treatment showed a significant similar result in shoot length only. Results of this study indicated that, BA was more effective in enhancement the growth of strawberry in vitro compared to Kin and TDZ.
At rooting stage, it was clear that MS medium at full strength containing 30 g/l sucrose significantly surpassed all other combinations of MS strengths and sucrose concentrations in increasing root number and length per plantlet and fresh weight/plantlet. The same treatment enhanced the shoot length but without significant difference compared to some other combinations. The treatment contained 3 g/l agar with 6 g/l perlite significantly enhanced root formation (number and length) as well as shoot length, fresh weight/plantlet, and leaf number/plantlets. Finally, plantlets were successfully acclimatized and the soil mixture contained peatmoss : perlite (2 : !, V/V) observed high percentage of survival of plants ( 80%) with enhancing both root number and length/plantlet, plantlet height and leaf number/plantlet.
https://jpd.journals.ekb.eg/article_44837_d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e.pdf
2008-01-01
191
212
10.21608/jpd.2008.44837
propagation
strawberry
fragaria spp
tissue culture techniques
Hamdy
Emara
1
Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, Minufiya University, Sadat City, Minufiya Province, Egypt.
LEAD_AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
EXPLANT RESPONSES OF AGED TREES AND OFFSHOOTS OF DATE PALM IN MICROPROPAGATION.
Micropropagation of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L. cv. Samany) through somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis methods have been studied in this investigation. Aged tree and juvenile offshoot of date palm were used as source of explants. Shoot tips and leaf primordia were isolated from those two sources to be used as two types of explants. The response of the two types of explants was examined when they cultured on two different nutrient media (M1 and M2), where M1 medium was modified MS contained NOA (5mg/l), NAA (5mg/l), Kin (3mg/l) and 2iP (3mg/l) and M2 medium was MS contained 2,4-D (100 mg/l) and 2IP (3 mg/l).
Results indicated that there was no significant difference between shoot tips and leaf primordia derived from either aged tree or juvenile offshoot for their effect on survival percentage, while, the degree of oxidative browning on M1 medium was significantly lower than M2 medium. After 8 weeks or even 4 months, all examined explants formed callus on M2 medium as compared to M1 medium, which showed no callus formation. Interestingly, results proved that leaf primordia of both sources cultured on M1 medium stimulated direct organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis after 4 months of incubation. In that concern, shoot tips of both sources did not observe any direct morphogenetic responses. Growth and development of the previously obtained adventitious buds as well as repetitive somatic embryos have been optimized on hormone-free M1 medium. Roots were induced in MS basal medium contained NAA (0.2 m /L), and mostly, the addition of charcoal to the rooting medium had no visible effect on root formation. At acclimatization stage, it was found that, using of induced the maximum survival rate and growth vigor for plantlets after 3 months under greenhouse conditions compared to those produced under the other tested soil mixtures. Finally, results strongly reflected that, leaf primordia of aged tree or offshoots are a promising explants on M1 medium for the mass production of true-to- type plants since the callus stage is avoided.
https://jpd.journals.ekb.eg/article_44838_d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e.pdf
2008-01-01
213
227
10.21608/jpd.2008.44838
Phoenix dactylifera L
Adult
in Vitro
tissue culture
embryogenesis
Organogenesis
Hamdy
Emara
1
Plant Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), Minufiya University, Sadat City, Egypt.
LEAD_AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
STATISTICAL ESTIMATION OF EFFECTS OF OBSERVATIONS AND RESIDUAL ANALYSIS ON LINEAR MODEL WITH APPLICATION ON EGYPTIAN INSURANCE MARKET.
The Parameters of a linear model are usually estimated by the method of least squares which is sensitive to large values of the additive error term. The advent of modern computers has led to alternative methods to least squares go under the robust regression, these methods are insensitive to deviations from normal distributions and to the effects of outliers in the data. The main purpose of this is to study the problems caused by the presence of outliers. To achieve this aim, there different approaches: M-estimators, Generalized Shrunken M- estimators, Least absolute deviation, S-estimators. Bootstrap Regression depend on re-sampling bootstrap, Robust Bootstrap Regression.
The research has been applied to the Egyptian insurance market marine function. This function consists of total premium (y) , total indemaities (x1), agent commission (x2) , administrative expenses(x3) Summary and conclusions:- The discarding of the outlying and influential observations approach cannot be immediately recommended unless there is strong evidence, which indicates that it resulted from a mistake.
Robust regression analysis provides an alternative to a least squares regression model when fundamental assumptions are unfulfilled by the nature of the data. Other robust estimation methods have been suggested. When fundamental regression analysis assumptions are violated, the researcher may wish to consider what alternatives are available to him. If the data contain influential outliers, then he may wish to employ some form or robust regression that down weights the influence of the troublesome outliers. Will may compare his robust results to his classical results.
https://jpd.journals.ekb.eg/article_44839_d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e.pdf
2008-01-01
229
250
10.21608/jpd.2008.44839
Statistical estimation
residual analysis
linear model
Egyptian insurance market
Mohamed
Aly
1
Applied Statistics & Insurance Department, Suez Canal University, Egypt.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Soltan
Abd ElHamid
2
Applied Statistics & Insurance Department, Mansoura University, Manoura, Egypt.
AUTHOR
Khedr
Ramadan
3
Productive Efficiency Institute of Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
AUTHOR