EVALUATION OF SOME CULTIVARS OF PEAS UNDER ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITION OF UK.

 

 

S. J. Wilcockson*, E. Abou El-Salehein** and N. Kadasa*

*  Agriculture Department (Agronomy), Faculty of Agriculture, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU. UK

** Plant Production Department(Horticulture), Efficient Productivity Institute, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.

 

 

ABSTRACT

  Two field experiments were carried out in 2000 and 2001 seasons at the Experimental Farm (Cockle Park Farm) of the Faculty of Agriculture, Newcastle University to evaluate some cultivars of peas, i.e. Maro, Focus, Quasar and Flare, by studying of their growth characters, yield and its components as well as their photosynthetic activity.

  The results showed that Flare or focus had a higher growth rate of plant length and number of vegetative nodes, while Flare or Quasar, showed higher growth rate of both fresh weight of stem and tendril as well as total dry weight. In addition, green pod yield and its components of pea, i.e. number of pods/plant, number of seeds/plant, pod length and pod thickness were significantly increased in Maro or Focus. Moreover, Focus had a greater photosynthetic activity on bottom leaves than the other studied pea cultivars at the first age (71 days from sowing) and the second age (93 days from sowing), while, Maro had a greater photosynthetic activity in the third age (100 days from sowing). On the other hand, on top leaves, cv flare in the first age, had a greater photosynthetic activity and cv Quasar in the second ones, had a good photosynthetic activity.  On the contrary, at the third age, the different cultivars not appeared any clear promotion in characters of photosynthetic activity, i.e. e ref, delta e, c ref, delta c, Q leaf, U. Ci, E, 9s and A.

       Key words: Peas, cultivars, photosynthetic activity.

 

 

INTRODUCTION

Pea (Pisum sativum, L.) is one of the important vegetable crops grown in UK, which occupies a great figure in the local consumption.

Pea yield could be increased by choice a good cultivars. Some investigators showed that, there were many differences between cultivars of peas which affected by environmental conditions (Amer, 1992 and Ghazal et al., 1996 on peas, Shahein et al., 1996; Abou El-Salehein and Ghali, 1997 on cowpea, Abou El-Hassan et al., 1993; Mohammed and Kandeel, 1994 and Hassan et al., 2002 on beans and Abou Khadrah and Zahran, 1984 on soybean).  

This work has been designed to evaluate some cultivars of peas by studying growth characters, yield and its components as well as photosynthetic activity of these varieties to choice a good variety for cultivation under environmental conditions of UK.

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS

 

The experiments were carried out during 2000 and 2001 seasons at Cockel Park Farm, Newcastle University, England, UK.

Pea seeds of cultivars were sown on 19^th of June, 2000 and 2001, at pots in green house (diameter of pot, 25 cm).

These experiments were performed to evaluate the cultivars of pea plants, i.e., Maro, Focus, Quasar and Flare by studying plant growth characters, yield and its components and photosynthetic activity. Every variety included six  pots and three plants per pot.

The radiation interception was 132.6 Lux, in out of green house and was 81.8 Lux inside of green house.

Seeds were sown in pots and thin into 3 plants when its grown. Soil characteristics of the experimental pots were shown in Table 1:

 

Table 1. Soil characteristics of the experimental pots

These treatments were arranged in complete block randomized with three replicates. Normal cultural procedures known for commercial pea production, were followed under the condition of  UK soils.

            At 84 days from planting, the growth of plants of 3 pots out of cultivated six of  every variety were evaluated as follows:

1-Plant length (cm).

2-Stem diameter (cm).

3-Number of vegetative nodes.

4-Number of reproductive nodes.

5-Fresh and dry weight of stems (g).

6-Fresh and dry weight of stipules (g).

7-Fresh and dry weight of tendrils (g).

8-Total dry weight of different parts.

 

At harvest time, the plants of remained 3 pots were taken from the pots of every treatment and the following data of yield and its components

were recorded:

1-Number of pods/plant.

2-Fresh weight of pods/plant.

3-Dry weight of pods (g).

4-Dry weight of seeds (g).

 

As well as,Physical pod characters:   

   5-Number of seed/pod.

   6-Pod length (cm).

   7- Pod width (cm).

   8-Pod thickness (cm).

 

Photosynthetic activity measurements:

            Data were taken by LCi apparatus. The LCi  (with its leaf chamber) is specifically designed for portability and field use, and provides internal battery suitable for up to 10 hours of continuous operation. Its purpose is to measure the environment of a leaf contained in the jaws of the chamber, and to calculate the photosynthetic activity of the leaf.

            The instrument comprises a main console with single conditioning, air supply, microprocessor control, PC (personal computer) card data storage, a-5- button keypad, and a leaf chamber connected by an umbilical cord. The main console supplies air with a relatively stable CO₂ concentration to the chamber at a measured rate. The CO₂ and H₂O concentrations are measured, and the air is directed over both surfaces of the leaf. The discharged air leaving the chamber is analysed, and its CO₂ content(generally decreased)  and H₂O content(increased) determined.

From the differences in gas concentration and the airflow rate, the assimilation transpiration rates are calculated approximately every 20 seconds. A small fan in the chamber ensures through mixing of the air around the leaf.  Measurement of CO₂ is by an infrared gas analyser (IRGA). H₂O measurement is by two laser-trimmed humidity seasons. The system also measures leaf temperature, chamber air temperature, PAR (Photosynthetically Active Radiation), and atmospheric pressure. The PAR level at leaf and the radian energy balance of the leaf are calculated. The measurements are carried out in an “Open System” configuration in which fresh gas (air) is passed through the PLC (plant leaf chamber) on a continuous basis. Measurements are carried out on the state of the incoming gas (the “reference” levels) and after passing the leaf specimen (the “analysis” levels), the gas is then vented away. This arrangement tolerates some outward gas leakage and adsorption by the materials used in the gas path. Data were taken at three times during growing of plants in pots as follows:

1-      At August (71 days from sowing ,first age).

2-      At September (93 days from sowing ,second age).

3-      At September(100 days from sowing ,third age).

At these times the following data were recorded:

     e ref    :  water vapour pressure into leaf chamber, m Bar.

    delta e  : difference in water vapour pressure, m Bar.

    C  ref   : CO₂ flowing into leaf chamber, µ mol mol^-1.

   delta c : difference in CO₂ concentration through chamber, dilution corrected, µ mol mol^-1.

Q leaf: P. A. R. incident on leaf surface µ mols^-1 m²

              Q leaf = Q x Trw.

Where : Q : Photon flux density incident on leaf chamber window, µ mol m^-2 s^-1.

Trw  :  Leaf chamber window transmission factor to P. A. R. (given).

S     :  Span factor, determined during calibration (span adjustment).

U    : Molar air flow in mol s^-1.

Ci   : Sub-stomatal cavity CO₂ concentration, µ mol mol^-1.

     E     :Transpiration rate, mol m^-2 s^-1.

     9 s   : Stomatal conductance of water vapour, mol m^-2S^-1.

  A  : Photosynthetic Rate (Rate of CO₂ exchange in the leaf chamber), µ mol  m^-2 s^-1.

 

Statistical analysis:

            The obtained data were statistically analyzed according to Snedecor and Cochran (1980) and using L.S.D. test at 5% level of significance to verify the differences between treatments.

           

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

 

Vegetative growth characters:

            Results shown in Tables (2 and 3)illustrate that, varieties of peas significantly differed in their growth characters, expressed as, plant length, number of vegetative nodes, number of reproductive nodes, fresh weight of stems, stipules, tendrils and dead. Such data reveal also that, Flare or Focus, showed higher growth rate of plant length, number of vegetative nodes and dead fresh weight and also, Flare or Quasar, showed higher growth rate of both fresh weight of stem and tendril as well as total dry weight of whole plant and dead dry weight. From that, it can be concluded that cv  Flare, being the most better than the other cultivars of peas in most of growth characters.

            Obtained results are in conformity with those reported by Amer, 1992 and Ghazal et al.,1996 on peas, Petel et al. (1992) on bean and Shahein et al., 1996 and Abou El- Salehein and Ghali, 1997 on cowpea.

 

Yield and its components:

            Data in Table (4) indicate that green pod yield and its components of peas, i.e. number of pods/ plant, pod length and pod thickness, significantly increased in Maro or Focus, while both pod fresh weigh and dry weight, seed dry weight, pod diameter and number of pods insignificantly increased.

            These results are in harmony with those obtained by Amer, 1992 and Ghazal et al., 1996 on peas and Shahein et al., 1996, Abou El-Salehein and Ghali, 1997 on cowpea, Abou El-Hassan et al., 1993, Mohammed and Kandeel, 1994 and Hassan et al., 2002 on beans and Khadrah and Zahran, 1994on soybean.

 

Photosynthetic activity:

a) On bottom leaves:

            Data in Table (5) indicate that cv Focus had a greater photosynthetic activity than the other of pea cultivars studied in this respect, at the first and second age. The greatest characters of photosynthetic activity were delta e, delta c, Q leaf, E, 9s and A in the first age (71 days from sowing).

           

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

In the second age (93 days from sowing), the same cultivars (Focus) had also a good photosynthetic activity expressed as delta e, C ref, E and 9s (Table 6). On the other hand, cv Maro had a greatest photosynthetic activity expressed as, delta e, delta c, Q leaf, E, 9s and A, in the third age (100 days from sowing), (Table 7).

            Generally, cv Focus had a good character of studied photosynthetic activity. In addition, Focus may be had a good growth rate (Tables 2 and 3) with active photosynthetic apparatus (Tables 5 and 6) and consequently, highest yield and greatest quality (Table 4).

 

b) On top leaves:

            Data presented in Table 8, illustrate that e ref, c ref, Q leaf, Ci and 9s were significantly increased in cv Flare at the first age of the plants (71 days from sowing), while delta e and E were significantly increased in Focus or Flare at the same age.

            On the other hand, at the second age (93 days from sowing, Table 9), obtained data show that e ref, delta c.,Q leaf and A significantly increased in cv Quasar. In addition, at the third age (100 days from sowing, Table 10) the different cultivars not appeared any clear promotion in characters of photosynthetic activity.

            Conclusively, it could be concluded that focus had a higher growth rate ,green pod yield and its components of pea, photosynthetic activity on bottom leaves at the first age and the second age.

 

REFERENCES

 

Abou El-Hassan, E. A.; A. H. M. Shahein and M. S. Youssef (1993): Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on some cultivars of bean plants. 1. Morphological characters, yield and pod characteristics. Mania First Conference For Horticultural Crop, 19-21 of October, 1993.

Abou El- Salehein, E. H and M. H. Ghali (1997): Effect of foliar fertilizers application of Mo, Fe and Ca on some cowpea cultivars grown in sandy soil. Egyptian Journal of Applied  Science, 12 (9): 238-256.

Abou Khadrah, S. and M. Zahran (1984): Effect of microelements fertilizers on three soybean cultivars in Egypt. Journal of Agronomy, 2 (1-2): 129-136.

Amer, A. S. S. (1992): Effect of some agricultural treatments on quality and storageability of some pea cultivars. Ph. D. Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, Moshtohor, Zagazig University, 115 pp.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ghazal, H. A., Houreya M. H. and A. Ahmad (1996): Studies on the relationship between earliness of flowering and pod characters in some peas cultivars. Journal of Agriculture Science, Mansoura University, 21 (12): 4463 - 4472.

Hassan, M. N. M.; Y. T. Abd El-Mageed and R. H. M. Gheeth (2002): Comparative studies of using chemical and biofertilizers on the growth and yield of two cultivars on snap bean. 1. Fresh yield and its components. 2^nd International Conference Hort. Science, 10-12 Sept., 2002, Kafr El-Sheikh, Tanta Univ., Egypt.

Mohammed, F. I. and Sh. H. Kandeel (1994): Effect of iron and manganese foliar application on growth, green yield, N, P and protein content of snap bean varieties (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Egyptian  Journal Applied  Science, 9 (1): 636-646.

Patel, L. R.; N. M. Salni and R. H. Patel (1992). Response of green bean (Phasealus vulgaris L.) varieties to sulpheur fertilization under different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 37 (4): 831-833.(CF. Field Crop Abstract,47 (3): 1624.)

 Shahein, A. H., A. A. Abdel -Aziz and A. H. Kheraba (1996): Effect of cultivars, irrigation and intercropping system on yield and its components, pod characters and net return of cowpea. Zagazig Journal of Agriculture Research, 23(4): 571- 590. 

Snedecor, G. W. and W. G. Cochran (1980). Statistical Methods. 7^th ed., Iowa state University, Press, Amer., Iowa, USA.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

           تقییم بعض أصناف البسلة تحت الظروف البیئیة للمملکة المتحدة

 

 

ستیف ولکوکسن*  ، عصام أبوالصالحین** ، نایف کداسة *

* قسم الزراعی (المحاصیل ) - کلیة الزراعة بنیوکاسل - جامعة نیوکاسل - المملکة المتحدة.

** قسم الإنتاج النباتی (البساتین)- معهد الکفایة الإنتاجیة - جامعة الزقازیق-  الزقازیق  –مصر.

 

أجریت تجربتان حقلیتان فی موسمی 2000 ،2001 بمزرعة التجارب (کوکل  بارک(  التابعة لکلیة الزراعة ، جامعة نیوکاسل لتقییم بعض أصناف البسلة وهی فارو ، فوکاس ، کیوسار، فلیر لدراسة صفات  نموهم الخضری ، المحصول ومکوناته وکذلک کفاءتهم لعملیة التمثیل الضوئی .

أوضحت النتائج أن : صنفی فلیر وفوکاس لهما معدل نمو عالی فی طول النبات ،عدد عقد النمو الخضری والوزن الطازج للأجزاء المیتة ،بینما الصنف فلیر وکیوسار، قد اظهرا معدل عالی للوزن الطازج لکلا من الساق والأوراق وکذلک الوزن الجاف الکلی . کما سجل معنویا کل  من صنفی مارو و فوکاس أعلی محصول للقرون الخضراء ومکوناته والمتمثلة فی عدد القرون على النبات وعدد البذور لکل نبات ، وطول القرن وسمکه.

وزیادة علی ذلک ،قد أعطی صنف فوکاس أعلی کفاءة فی عملیة التمثیل الضوئی للاوراق القاعدیة عن أی أصناف مدروسة أخری فی العمر الأول (71یوم من الزراعة ) والعمر الثانی ( 93 یوم من الزراعة ) ، بینما  صنف مارو قد سجل أعلى القیم فى العمر الثالث (100یوم من الزراعة) .وفی الاوراق القمیة ، سجل صنف فلیر أعلى القیم فى کفاءة عملیة التمثیل الضوئى ، فى العمر الأول ، بینما صنف  کیوسار فى العمر الثانی قد سجل کفاءة جیدة فی التمثیل الضوئی . على العکس من ذلک، فی العمر الثالث ، لم تظهر الأصناف المختلفة أی تشجیع واضح فی صفات کفاءة عملیة التمثیل الضوئی وهى (ضغط الهواء داخل غرفة الورقة ، الاختلاف فی ضغط بخار الماء ، تدفق ثانی أکسید الکربون داخل غرفة الورقة ، الاختلاف فی ترکیز ثانی أکسید الکربون داخل الغرفة ، کثافة الفوتونات على سطح الورقة ، تدفق الهواء ، ترکیز ثانی أکسید الکربون تحت الثغور ، معدل النتح ، معدل مرور بخار الماء من فتحة الثغر ، معدل التمثیل الضوئی). 

 

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